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The hope effect, also known as the placebo effect, refers to the phenomenon where a person's belief or expectation about a treatment or intervention can lead to a perceived improvement in one's condition, even if the treatment itself is inert or inactive. It highlights the powerful influence of our mindset and beliefs on our subjective experiences and outcomes, Gibson, P. (2022). The placebo effect has been observed throughout history, but its official documentation dates back to the late 18th century, Kirsch, I., et al. (2008).  

Human beings have a natural tendency to seek certainty and control over their lives. Doubt challenges this desire for certainty, because it introduces a feeling of ambiguity and unpredictability. When faced with doubt, individuals may experience discomfort and anxiety due to the inability to confidently predict or control outcomes. Doubt can create cognitive dissonance, which is a psychological discomfort that occurs when people have conflicting beliefs, ideas, or perceptions.  

The Latin phrase from Plautus' play Asinaria, "homo homini lupus", meaning "man is not a man, but a wolf, to a stranger", conveys the idea that humans can be aggressive, hostile and destructive towards each other. It reflects the darker aspects of human nature, suggesting that men have the potential to harm and exploit each other.